On 22 December 1988, representatives of Angola, Cuba and South Africa signed a final Tripartite Agreement in New York City which called on the parties to request the United Nations (UN) Secretary-General to seek authority from the UN Security Council to commence the implementation of Resolution 435.
The United Nations Security Council Resolution 435 was adopted on 29 September 1978 to end apartheid South Africa's illegal occupation and administration of South West Africa (Namibia); to transfer power to the people of Namibia; and to ensure Namibia's independence through free elections.
The Resolution was in terms of the Accord delayed to the date of 1 April 1989, and the signatories also pledged, in line with the Geneva Protocol, that “Consistent with their obligations under the Charter of the United Nations, the Parties shall refrain from the threat or use of force, and shall ensure that their respective territories are not used by any state, organization, or person in connection with any acts of war, aggression, or violence, against the territorial integrity, inviolability of borders, or independence of any state of south-western Africa.”
Accordingly, the Accord marked an end for Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) presence in Angola, and this was confirmed by the President of the African National Congress (ANC), Oliver Tambo, at Lusaka’s Inter-Continental Hotel on 8 January 1989. Tambo mentioned that the ANC fighters were pulling out of Angola in order to facilitate effor
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