Celebrating Makhanda’s Day! On 25 December 1820, exactly 205 years ago, during his imprisonment on Robben Island, Makhanda drowned as he escaped along with 30 other prisoners. The escape boat…
Operation Butterfly: Fighting Continuously & Boldly In the morning of 24 December 1985, the apartheid Security Branch reported that it had arrested top ranking African National Congress (ANC) and Umkhonto…
Tripartite Agreement Signed: Towards Resolution 435 Implementation On 22 December 1988, representatives of Angola, Cuba and South Africa signed a final Tripartite Agreement in New York City which called on…
The Heartless and Vicious 1985 Lesotho Raid Exactly forty years ago, during the early hours of 20 December 1985, at around 01:00, Vlakplaas Commander Eugene de Kock was leading a…
SADF ‘Third Force’-Related Officers Dismissed by De Klerk On 19 December 1992, apartheid State President F.W. de Klerk announced that 23 members of the South African Defence Force (SADF), including…
Sipolilo Campaign – ‘Advanced Group’ to the Zambezi River From 18 to 20 December 1967, the “Advanced Group” of the joint Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) and Zimbabwe African People’s Revolutionary…
Oliver Tambo: Victory or Death (“Umkhonto we Sizwe – Born of the People”: Statement of the National Executive Committee of the African National Congress Delivered by Commander-in-Chief OR Tambo on…
Manifesto of Umkhonto we Sizwe (Leaflet issued by the Command of Umkhonto we Sizwe, 16 December 1961) Units of Umkhonto we Sizwe today carried out planned attacks against government installations,…
Preserving and Advocating Umkhonto’s Captivating Heritage Introduction In a statement on the state of organisation of Umkhonto we Sizwe, delivered by the then Umkhonto we Sizwe Army Chief of Staff,…
Oliver Tambo: Our Will and Readiness to Free Ourselves (Opening address by President Oliver Tambo to the ANC’s National Consultative Conference held in Johannesburg from 14 to 16 December 1990).…