Ciskei

1990 – 1994 / African liberation movement / African National Congress (ANC) / Anti-Imperialism / Apartheid Police / Armed Struggle / Liberation Arts Culture and Heritage / National Democratic Revolution / National Executive Committee (NEC) / Negotiations / SA Liberation Struggle / South African Defence Force’s (SADF) / Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK)

Signing the Controversial Pretoria Minute

Signing the Controversial Pretoria Minute On 6 August 1990, the Pretoria Minute became a historic agreement signed between the apartheid government, led by F.W. de Klerk, and the African National…

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August 7, 2026

1984-1990 / African liberation movement / African National Congress (ANC) / Apartheid Police / Armed Struggle / National Democratic Revolution / SA Liberation Struggle / South African Communist Party’s (SACP’s) / South African Defence Force’s (SADF) / Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK)

PW Botha Declares a State of Emergency – Revisited

PW Botha Declares a State of Emergency – Revisited On 20 July 1985, at a press conference in Pretoria, apartheid President P.W. Botha claimed that “violence and lawlessness” in the…

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July 21, 2026

1990 – 1994 / African liberation movement / African National Congress (ANC) / Anti-Imperialism / Apartheid Police / Armed Struggle / National Democratic Revolution / Negotiations / South African Communist Party’s (SACP’s) / South African Defence Force’s (SADF) / Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK)

The Massive Collapse of the Bantustan “Homelands” System

The Massive Collapse of the Bantustan “Homelands” System On 9 March 1990, the African National Congress (ANC) veteran and stalwart leader, Walter Sisulu, denied allegations levelled at the ANC by…

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March 9, 2026

1990 – 1994 / African liberation movement / African National Congress (ANC) / Anti-Imperialism / Armed Struggle / National Democratic Revolution / National Executive Committee (NEC) / Negotiations / South African Communist Party’s (SACP’s) / Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK)

Bantustan Leaders Jointly Reject the Mandela-De Klerk “Record of Understanding”

Bantustan Leaders Jointly Reject the Mandela-De Klerk “Record of Understanding” On 29 September 1992, following the signing of a “Record of Understanding” by the leader of the African National Congress…

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September 29, 2025

1984-1990 / African liberation movement / African National Congress (ANC) / Anti-Imperialism / Apartheid Police / Armed Struggle / Battles / Cross-Border Raids / Front Line States / National Democratic Revolution / National Executive Committee (NEC) / National Trade Union Leaders / Pan Africanism / South African Communist Party’s (SACP’s) / South African Defence Force’s (SADF) / Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK)

PW Botha Declares a State of Emergency – 20 July 1985

PW Botha Declares a State of Emergency – 20 July 1985 Exactly forty years ago, on 20 July 1985, at a press conference in Pretoria, apartheid President P.W. Botha claimed…

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July 20, 2025

1984-1990 / African liberation movement / African National Congress (ANC) / Apartheid Police / Armed Struggle / National Executive Committee (NEC) / South African Communist Party’s (SACP’s) / Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK)

The Pango Mutiny: Part 2 – Recovering the Camp

The Pango Mutiny: Part 2 – Recovering the Camp On 18 May 1984, the Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) Regional Command in Angola, under the leadership of Timothy “Bra T” Mokoena,…

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May 18, 2025

1990 – 1994 / African liberation movement / African National Congress (ANC) / National Executive Committee (NEC) / Negotiations

Mandela and De Klerk Meet for the First Time

Mandela and De Klerk Meet for the First Time On 5 April 1990, an informal three-hour meeting in Cape Town between Nelson Mandela, as a “free man”, and President F.W.…

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April 5, 2025

1984-1990 / African liberation movement / African National Congress (ANC) / FRELIMO / National Executive Committee (NEC) / Pan Africanism / RENAMO / South African Communist Party’s (SACP’s) / South African Defence Force’s (SADF) / SWAPO / Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK)

Reflecting on the Nkomati Accord and Southern Africa

Reflecting on the Nkomati Accord and Southern Africa On 16 March 1984, the two leaders of Mozambique and apartheid South Africa, Presidents Samora Machel and P.W. Botha, proceeded to a…

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March 17, 2025

1984-1990 / African liberation movement / African National Congress (ANC) / Apartheid Police / National Democratic Revolution / National Executive Committee (NEC) / Negotiations / Pan Africanism / South African Communist Party’s (SACP’s) / South African Defence Force’s (SADF) / Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK)

ANC and Unrests in the Bantustans

ANC and Unrests in the Bantustans On 9 March 1990, the African National Congress (ANC) veteran leader, Walter Sisulu, denied allegations levelled at the ANC by the apartheid South African…

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March 9, 2025

1969-1974 / African National Congress (ANC) / National Executive Committee (NEC)

The Bantu Homelands Citizenship Bill is Passed

The Bantu Homelands Citizenship Bill is Passed On 26 February 1970, the Bantu Homelands Citizenship Bill was passed, whereby every African was to be issued with a certificate of citizenship…

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February 26, 2025